Sweet potato
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"Camote" redirects here. For the island group in the Philippines, see Camotes Islands.
| Sweet Potato | |
|---|---|
_Flower.jpg) | |
| Sweet potato in flower in Hong Kong, China | |
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| Sweet potato roots | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Asterids |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Convolvulaceae |
| Genus: | Ipomoea |
| Species: | I. batatas |
| Binomial name | |
| Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. | |
The sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a dicotyledonous plant that belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. Its large, starchy, sweet-tasting, tuberous roots are a root vegetable.[1][2] The young leaves and shoots are sometimes eaten as greens. Of the approximately 50 genera and more than 1,000 species of Convolvulaceae, I. batatas is the only crop plant of major importance—some others are used locally, but many are actually poisonous. The sweet potato is only distantly related to the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and does not belong to the nightshade family.
The genus Ipomoea that contains the sweet potato also includes several garden flowers called morning glories, though that term is not usually extended to Ipomoea batatas. Some cultivars of Ipomoea batatas are grown as ornamental plants; the name "tuberous morning glory" may be used in a horticultural context.
The plant is a herbaceous perennial vine, bearing alternate heart-shaped or palmately lobed leaves and medium-sized sympetalous flowers. The edible tuberous root is long and tapered, with a smooth skin whose color ranges between yellow, orange, red, brown, purple, and beige. Its flesh ranges from beige through white, red, pink, violet, yellow, orange, and purple. Sweet potato varieties with white or pale yellow flesh are less sweet and moist than those with red, pink or orange flesh.[3]
In certain parts of the world, sweet potatoes are locally known by other names, including: camote, kamote, goguma, man thet, ubi jalar, ubi keledek, shakarkand, satsuma imo, batata or el boniato.[4] In New Zealand English, the Māori term kūmara is commonly used. Although the soft, orange sweet potato is often called a "yam" in parts of North America, the sweet potato is botanically very distinct from a genuine yam (Dioscorea), which is native to Africa and Asia and belongs to the monocot family Dioscoreaceae. To prevent confusion, the United States Department of Agriculturerequires sweet potatoes labeled as "yams" to also be labeled as "sweet potatoes".[5]
Origin, distribution and diversity
The center of origin and domestication of sweet potato is thought to be either in Central America or South America.[6] In Central America, sweet potatoes were domesticated at least 5,000 years ago.[7]
In South America, Peruvian sweet potato remnants dating as far back as 8000 BC have been found.[8]
Austin (1988) postulated that the center of origin of I. batatas was between the Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico and the mouth of the Orinoco River in Venezuela. The 'cultigen' had most likely been spread by local people to the Caribbean and South America by 2500 BC. Zhang et al. (1998) provided strong supporting evidence that the geographical zone postulated by Austin is the primary center of diversity. The much lower molecular diversity found in Peru–Ecuador suggests this region should be considered as secondary center of sweet potato diversity.
The sweet potato was also grown before western exploration in Polynesia. Sweet potato has been radiocarbon-dated in the Cook Islands to 1000 AD, and current thinking is that it was brought to central Polynesia around 700 AD, possibly by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, and spread across Polynesia to Hawaii and New Zealand from there.[9][10] It is possible, however, that South Americans brought it to the Pacific, although this is unlikely as it was the Polynesians who had a strongmaritime tradition and not the native South Americans. The theory that the plant could spread by floating seeds across the ocean is not supported by evidence. Another point is that the sweet potato in Polynesia is the cultivated Ipomoea batatas, which is generally spread by vine cuttings and not by seeds.[11]
Sweet potatoes are now cultivated throughout tropical and warm temperate regions wherever there is sufficient water to support their growth. For example, sweet potatoes were introduced as a food crop in Japan in 1735[12] and in Korea in 1764.[13]
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) statistics, world production in 2004 was 127 million tonnes.[14] The majority comes from China, with a production of 105 million tonnes from 49,000 km2. About half of the Chinese crop is used for livestock feed.[7]
Per capita production is greatest in countries where sweet potatoes are a staple of human consumption, led by Papua New Guinea at about 500 kg[15] per person per year, the Solomon Islands at 160 kg, Burundi and Rwanda[16] at 130 kg and Uganda at 100 kg.
About 20,000 tonnes (20,000,000 kg) of sweet potatoes are produced annually in New Zealand, where sweet potato is known by its Māori name,kūmara. It was a staple food for Māori before European contact.[17]
In the U.S., North Carolina, the leading state in sweet potato production, provided 38.5% of the 2007 U.S. production of sweet potatoes. In 2007, California produced 23%, Louisiana 15.9%, and Mississippi 19% of the U.S. total.[18][19]
The town of Opelousas, Louisiana's "Yambilee" has been celebrated every October since 1946. The Frenchmen who established the first settlement at Opelousas in 1760 discovered the native Atakapa, Alabama, Choctaw, and Appalousa tribes eating sweet potatoes. The sweet potato became a favorite food item of the French and Spanish settlers and thus continued a long history of cultivation in Louisiana.[20]
Mississippi has about 150 farmers growing sweet potatoes on about 8,200 acres (30 km2), contributing $19 million dollars to the state's economy. Mississippi's top five sweet potato producing counties are Calhoun, Chickasaw, Pontotoc, Yalobusha, and Panola. The National Sweet Potato Festival is held annually the entire first week in November in Vardaman (Calhoun County), which proclaims itself as "The Sweet Potato Capital".
The town of Benton, Kentucky, celebrates the sweet potato annually with its Tater Day Festival on the first Monday of April. The town of Gleason, Tennessee, celebrates the sweet potato onLabor
Day weekend with its Tater Town Special.
| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 359 kJ (86 kcal) |
| Carbohydrates | 20.1 g |
| - Starch | 12.7 g |
| - Sugars | 4.2 g |
| - Dietary fibre | 3 g |
| Fat | 0.1 g |
| Protein | 1.6 g |
| Vitamin A equiv. | 709 μg (89%) |
| - beta-carotene | 8509 μg (79%) |
| Thiamine (vit. B1) | 0.078 mg (7%) |
| Riboflavin (vit. B2) | 0.061 mg (5%) |
| Niacin (vit. B3) | 0.557 mg (4%) |
| Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.8 mg (16%) |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.209 mg (16%) |
| Folate (vit. B9) | 11 μg (3%) |
| Vitamin C | 2.4 mg (3%) |
| Vitamin E | 0.26 mg (2%) |
| Calcium | 30 mg (3%) |
| Iron | 0.61 mg (5%) |
| Magnesium | 25 mg (7%) |
| Manganese | 0.258 mg (12%) |
| Phosphorus | 47 mg (7%) |
| Potassium | 337 mg (7%) |
| Sodium | 55 mg (4%) |
| Zinc | 0.3 mg (3%) |
| Link to USDA Database entry Percentages are relative to US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Data | |
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